The Government s Combat On Copyrights Infringement

Abstract As China rose to become one of the world’s largest trading partners following its accession to the WTO, the country also began to face intense pressure from the international community to abide by standards on intellectual property rights. Specifically, China has strengthened its legal framework and amended its IPR laws and regulations to comply with the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Copyright protection is one area that China has made great progress in especially in the entertainment industry. With China’s economy booming, China is consuming an increasing amount of TV shows. However, China’s TV industry suffers from a critical dilemma-the lack of innovations. This research paper will†¦show more content†¦The firm estimated that China’s online video revenue increased 41.9 percent in 2013, reaching about $2 billion. In contrast, China’s traditional TV industry has suffered a sharp decline. In 2 012 only 30% of households in Beijing watched TV, down from 70% three years earlier (The Economist, 2013). However, the gains from the expanding industry come with high costs. Avoiding licensing costs from foreign production companies, many Chinese Internet video companies had become a haven for illicit American shows and hit South Korean soap operas. The illegal distribution of foreign content on these websites was an undoing to China’s endeavor to ascent to a strong intellectual property country. Amidst criticisms from the right holders in the international community, China has tightened its regulations against copyright infringement on online video streaming websites. Another rationale behind the government’s commitment to fighting copyright piracy is to protect domestic TV stations against the rampant popularity of foreign TV shows online. The Chinese government hopes that through an enforcement of IPR, China’s TV industry will see a reduce in the invasion of foreign TV shows due to high licensing costs and thus an increase in the production of domestic popular on es. Through a careful analysis of the legal framework and measures the Chinese government

Essay on Human Cloning Can Make Immortality a Reality

Congress, the president, foreign countries, political activists, companies, consumers, churches, ethicists, doctors, patients, and even scientists have entered the fervent debate on cloning. The March edition of the Life Extension Foundation’s (LEF) magazine vocally calls for American citizens to write to their Senators and stop an anti-cloning bill from passage through both Houses (See Figure 1.) While the public argues over short-term questions – such as what is the definition of cloning, at what point does life begin, and is cloning bad – we must examine the hidden future potential and consequences of therapeutic cloning. Scientists’ direct contact with cloning technology grants us the opportunity to more accurately realize its promise†¦show more content†¦A year later, Pittenger determined that media conditions led to specific paths in cell differentiation (qtd in Edwards 351). In September 2001, Synder published promising data on neuron repla cement therapy in primates, but nevertheless, his earlier report on the successful recovery of rodent neural cortexes highlight the obstacles present when working with primate brains, due to their complexity (Ourednik et al 1820; Yandava et al 7029). Despite the rapid developments in controlling stem cells’ differentiation mechanisms, histocompatibility concerns compelled ACT to invent novel procedures, which theoretically prevent the rejection of transplants (Autologous). Thomson concurs with West’s team’s plans to resolve possible immune system conflicts, however, Pittenger contends that his tests show that the immune system is surprisingly unperturbed in proximity to unfamiliar stem cells (May 60). In any case, the latest papers on nuclear transfer and parthenogenesis are landmark documents since both techniques exclusively focus on human therapeutic technology. The more controversial method of the two involves the cloning or nuclear transfer dispute. Robl came up with a revolutionary approach in February 1998, when he extracted the nucleus of bovine eggs and injected human somatic cells into the blank cell templates (qtd in Lanza). Although most proponents of cloningShow MoreRelatedHuman Cloning Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Cloning For the last few decades, cloning was a fictitious idea that lay deep within the pages of sci-fi novels and movies. The very idea that cloning could one day become reality was thought to be a scientific impossibility by many experts. But on February 22, 1997, what was thought to be purely science fiction became reality. That day, a team from the Roslin Institute, led by Dr. Ian Wilmut, changed the history forever by revealing what looked like an average sheep. 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Personally, I am most intrigued by the possibilities of bioprinting: â€Å"theRead MoreWe Are On The Precipice Of Great And Drastic Change Essay2486 Words   |  10 Pages Transhumanism is a â€Å"is a politically and emotionally charged word that scientists are referring to as the augmentation of the human condition through technology, primarily to enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capabilities† (Jiang, 2015). Technological advancements play an ever-increasing part in our lives, more so now than any other time in mankind s history. With advances in the fields of engineering, science, robotics, and neuroscience, I believe we are on the precipice

Teleworking For Sustainable Development Telstra Corporation Limited

Question: Write an Academic Report? The report is to be based on the following scenario about the use of teleworking as an example of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for sustainable development.With the use of ICT of ever increasing sophistication in the organisations and our daily life, todays organisations are very well positioned to contribute to the sustainable development. It is widely believed that an organisation that employs teleworkers can contribute to the sustainable development by reducing the greenhouse gas emissions, as they do not need to travel to work. Teleworking also provides economic savings to the organisation as well as the teleworkers. Despite all these, teleworkers are still a small share of the total workforce of a country. You are an employee of a large organisation based in Sydney. By introducing teleworking in the organisation, your supervisor plans to contribute to sustainable development and has asked you to research about teleworking. You are to write a report to be presented at the next executive meeting. The report should include: Teleworking and its challenges to the organisation and the teleworkers. You should consider the social, economic, ethical and legal factors. A critical review whether teleworking would really reduce nett greenhouse gas emissions as widely believed. Answer: Executive Summary This particular paper will be demonstrating the relevance of a comprehensive framework for assessing how the concept of telework contributes in affecting sustainable development and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. The term teleworking can be defined and explained in a number of different ways with a number of variations. Work has always been taking place in a number of different locations, from the plants of production and offices of government to coffee shops and private homes. Any explanation related to telework has to be differentiated amongst the different categories of work and new patterns of work, and the changes related to location that have been introduced by the technologies of information and communication. From the perspective of the society and transportation, it is the change with respect to location that is relevant instead of the utilization of ICT. The importance, significance, disadvantages and several other different factors will be discussed in this rep ort in context with the organization of TELSTRA Corporation Ltd. With the utilization of ever increased sophistication with the organization and the daily life of general public, in the current era of globalization, the organization of TELSTRA has been capable of positioning itself in contributing towards the development of sustainability. It is a wide belief of the organization that with the help of teleworking it has been successful in contributing towards developing sustainably by the reduction in the emission of green- house gases. The technology of teleworking has helped in providing economic amount of savings towards the teleworkers as well as the organization. Irrespective of all of these, teleworkers have still been remaining as a small amount of share related to the entire working of the nation. Based on the research, the report has contributed in demonstrating that by the implementation of teleworking, there can be savings in the emissions of carbon per year per employee, by 242 kg on an average. Introduction Telstra Corporation Limited that shall be referred to as Telstra, is the largest organization of media and telecommunications, based in Sydney, Australia. The organization is known for building and operating the networks of telecommunications and the voices of market, accessibility of the internet, mobile and other products as well as services of entertainment. Telstra has been having a long history in the nation of Australia that had been originated as a department of the government, the department of Postmaster- General (Alizadeh 2009). Telstra, in the current era, is now known to be completely privatized and the one that undergoes a program of change for becoming more and increasingly focused upon the customers.The organization has not been denying the fact that customers are the main source of profit for the organization. Also, the organization is able to understand that currently, the customers have been highly focused on sustainable development of the organization. This has bee n considered as the main reason due to which, the organization is showing willingness towards the introduction of teleworking in order to be able to develop with sustainability. There has been wide assumption in the fact that there are a number of environmental advantages from utilizing the services and products of telecommunications (Haddon 2009). In the typical sense, these particular benefits create a focus on reducing the travelling of commuters that results in the environmental advantage like reduction in the emissions of green- house gases and the congestion of traffic as well.However, it has recently been released by the Australian Consumer and Competition Commission as a point of concern that the customers may be misguided by the claims of marketing regarding the benefits for the environment of having services and products in the absence of quantifying the advantages (Haddon 2009). Even though this particular system bring flexibility and autonomy in the management of work th at can result in increasing the level of satisfaction and productivity amongst the work force, it also contributes in presenting two main challenges. These challenges are difficulty being faced in the separation of home lives and work lives, and the feelings of being socially isolated. Objective and Methodology of the Research The organization of Telstra has been obtaining consultancy regarding global engineering and environment for further exploring and calculating the benefits of having teleworking in favour of the environment. This will ultimately lead towards developing in a sustainable manner. This had been done by utilizing the methodology of Life Cycle Assessment. The study will be utilizing published sources of data that will help in enhancing the content of the research for the organization of Telstra. If the application of the finding will be done across the entire population of workforce in Sydney, there can be elimination of approximately one million tonnes of green- house gases with the passage of every year. Defining Telework Telework is a term of umbrella for the utilization of technology related to communications and information for the performance of work by the maintenance of distance and thus, there is an inclusion of workers who are self- employed, contractual, and salaried, along with after- hours activity of work with the help of the commuters (Haddon 2009). Telecommuters, also referred to as the paid employees, who have been working from home rather than commuting on daily basis, are a sub- category of teleworkers and have been identified as the main focus for availing present attention. Only by the consideration of telecommuters that are full- time, the organization of Telstra hopes on making responses of behaviour in a distinct but visible manner.Hence, on the basis of the research conducted, it can be stated that telework is an arrangement of workplace within which the employees get the permission of working full- time or part- time from the primary location of workplace. Majority of the telew orkers are known to be working from their own locations, but only a very limited number of workers work from the location of their tele- centres (Alizadeh 2009). Tele- centres are the offices that have the sources of communication for being in accessibility of the main workplace, but that is closer to the homes of the employees. Telework, in general sense, is on the basis of exchanging information through computers and telephones. Environmental Sustainability by Telework While a number of scholars have been showing considerable amount of attention and devotion towards the implication of transportation related to telework based on home, the same statement cannot be referred to for other potential impacts on the environment in relation with the practice of work. From the perspective of the environment, transportation has been considered as a paramount concern as there are a number of available evidences that by the evolution of teleworking and telecommuting, there will be a substantial reduction in the utilization of vehicles that will ultimately reduce the emission of green- house gases (Bailey and Kurland 2012). Telstra, in the current era, is now known to be completely privatized and the one that undergoes a program of change for becoming more and increasingly focused upon the customers. The organization has not been denying the fact that customers are the main source of profit for the organization. Also, the organization is able to understand that currently, the customers have been highly focused on sustainable development of the organization. Challenges of Telework The term teleworking can be defined and explained in a number of different ways with a number of variations. Work has always been taking place in a number of different locations, from the plants of production and offices of government to coffee shops and private homes. Any explanation related to telework has to be differentiated amongst the different categories of work and new patterns of work, and the changes related to location that have been introduced by the technologies of information and communication (Bailey and Kurland 2012). From the perspective of the society and transportation, it is the change with respect to location that is relevant instead of the utilization of ICT.In the current era of globalization, there are a number of companies that have been offering the options of telework and there has been an increase in a number of sectors of the economy having jobs to work in a remote manner. However, this particular system seems to be concentrated towards and highly reliabl e on several devices of technology such as computers as well as telephones (Alizadeh 2009). Even though this particular system bring flexibility and autonomy in the management of work that can result in increasing the level of satisfaction and productivity amongst the work force, it also contributes in presenting two main challenges. These challenges are difficulty being faced in the separation of home lives and work lives, and the feelings of being socially isolated. The employees who have been working from homes may end up facing difficulties in the creation of clear demarcation amongst personal time and work time. Since the capability and ability of working can end up becoming ubiquitous, at times, teleworkers can end up finding themselves to work overtime later as per the preferences of their own time and wherever they want (Andersen 2009). These challenges are from the perspective of the employees.Irrespective of a number of advantages for the organization, teleworking also con tributes in presenting challenges for the company. The most basic one for a number of organizations is the perceived difficulty in order to monitor the performance of employees and to measure the productivity of the employees. Teleworking can end up becoming an unsettling arrangement of work that results in bringing an unproductive and unwelcome change within the company. Factors Affecting Telework Ethical Factors Taking into consideration the ethical hierarchy of an organization, informal form of teleworking only needs the permission of the supervisor, whereas the efforts for formal form of teleworking needs careful decisions and programming taken at the levels of management. Considering in an ethical manner, the adoption of teleworking should be done as a source for the benefits of the employees (Bailey and Kurland 2012). The interest of employees within the adoption of teleworking is supposed to be high. Telework is a term of umbrella for the utilization of technology related to communications and information for the performance of work by the maintenance of distance and thus, there is an inclusion of workers who are self- employed, contractual, and salaried, along with after- hours activity of work with the help of the commuters. Social Factors Socio- demographic factors like gender and age seem to be influencing the adoption of teleworking, specifically when it comes to showing preference towards teleworking. With an increase in age, it can be stated that there is an increase in the chances that a person prefers the adoption of telework less (Boris and Daniels 2009). Organizations using high technology, however, does not seem to be revealing significant differentials of age amongst those who practice telework and the ones who do not do so. Economic Factors Parents who are employed may be valuing the effects of saving time with the help of teleworking. It has been revealed that a number of individuals in households have been running out of time and this population of households have been increasing as more value is being given for being involved with their children for a longer duration of hours (Cooke 2011). Any explanation related to telework has to be differentiated amongst the different categories of work and new patterns of work, and the changes related to location that have been introduced by the technologies of information and communication. From the perspective of the society and transportation, it is the change with respect to location that is relevant instead of the utilization of ICT. Conclusion and Recommendation There is no denial in the fact that the new technologies of knowledge and information have assisted to co- exist in the current era of globalization, where there are a number of different barriers and challenges related to time and distance involved (Craglia and Schweikart 2010). These seems to be creating and disappearing the environments of collaboration for developing appropriate outcomes that are highly beneficial for those who have the capability of properly utilizing the key advantages and benefits involved. In addition to this, the sharing of opportunities should be done and should be having a restricted level of accessing the degree of interacting and utilizing the key purpose involved.The technology of telework seems to be appearing as an appropriate opportunity of being conciliated amongst the world of technology, information and knowledge, along with the vision being followed by the new economy for the organizations and the businesses. This can be considered as a rationale for utilizing the technologies within the services being involved for generating the outcomes (DBCDE 2010). Based on the research that has been conducted, it can be stated that there has been wide assumption in the fact that there are a number of environmental advantages from utilizing the services and products of telecommunications. In the typical sense that has been found by this research, these particular benefits create a focus on reducing the travelling of commuters that results in the environmental advantage like reduction in the emissions of green- house gases and the congestion of traffic as well (Ellen and Hempstead 2012). In addition to this, there is a need for including a minimum of three basic elements in the implementation of teleworking. These include technology, distance and work.Apart from these, dependent upon the way in which the organization of Telstra can successfully be approximating the definition, the organization must be having a point of consideration in a way to look for conjunction of these particular elements in the process to conceptualize teleworking. However, deploying the experience of teleworking is a matter of knowledge in context with a number of factors, diagnosis, models, and variables for being applied in order to be successful in the achievement of sustainable and adequate range of results that are favourable for the significant stakeholders involved (Haddon 2009). These should not only be highlighting the direct relationship with employment that is employer to worker and employer to business. In addition to this, there is a need for considering the relationship with the environment as well, being the components that are most prominent for the promotion of corporate social responsibility (CSR).In consideration with the most important step, it is important for recognizing that in order to implement a positive experience of teleworking, there is a need to involve and consider a number of different factors amongst which, o ne can be highlighting the basic points in relation with the organization of Telstra. This means that there is a need to involve sources and activities such as work atmosphere, framework of law, Tele- subordination, monitoring, investment and deployment (Alizadeh 2009). In addition to this, the factors of technology should be considered that includes presentation of outcomes, accessing the internal form of networks, accessibility of internet, different types of control, security, and responsibility related to the information, logistics and resources.Irrespective of a number of advantages for the organization, teleworking also contributes in presenting challenges for the company. The most basic one for a number of organizations is the perceived difficulty in order to monitor the performance of employees and to measure the productivity of the employees. Teleworking can end up becoming an unsettling arrangement of work that results in bringing an unproductive and unwelcome change withi n the company. References Alizadeh, T. 2009, Towards efficient regulatory environment for home-based telework in the digital age, Paper presented at the Housing Researchers Conference, Sydney, Australia. Alizadeh, T. 2009, Urban design in the digital age: A literature review of telework and wired communities, Journal of Urbanism, 2(3), pp. 195-213. Andersen, B. 2009, Knowledge and innovation in the new service economy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Bailey, DE and Kurland, NB. 2012, A review of telework research: Findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(4), pp. 383-400. Boris, E and Daniels, CR. 2009, Homework: Historical and contemporary perspectives on paid labour at home, Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Cooke, P. 2011, Regional innovation systems, clusters, and the knowledge economy, Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(4), pp. 945974. Craglia, M and Schweikart, J. 2010, Towards the development of quality of life indicators in the 'digital' city', Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 31(1), pp. 51-64. DBCDE. 2010, National broadband network, overview, Communications and the Digital Economy, Canberra: Department of Broadband. Ellen, IG and Hempstead, K. 2012, Telecommuting and the demand for urban living: A preliminary look at white-collar workers, Urban Studies, 39(4), pp. 749-766. Haddon, L. 2009, The experience of teleworking: A view from the home, In P. J. Jackson J. M. Van Der Wielen (Eds.), Teleworking: International perspectives: From telecommuting to the virtual organisation, London: Routledge.

Physical Journey Essay Example

Physical Journey Essay A physical journey is an act of travelling from one destination to another, which may seem like a rudimentary process at first, but are often far more intricate. Physical journeys may consist of challenges but may lead to a vast range of positive experiences to benefit the traveller. The two poems, ‘Migrants’ and ‘Drifters by Bruce Dawe and related text Journey to freedom by Hai-Van Nguyen are all successful texts which cleverly conveys the travellers journey’s resulting in a positive experience. The first poem is Migrants by Bruce Dawe, which depicts a group of helpless migrants who are struggling to integrate into their new country. The idea of pjs being a positive experience is captured in this poem as the migrants eventually become accepted into the community after facing a number of hardships. Evidence of positivity in the migrant’s journey is when the children â€Å"less often came home red-eyed from school† This alludes to the fact that the children once faced many difficulties such as bullying. Imagery and descriptive language was employed to emphasize the early obstacles faced by the young travellers. With the effective use to language techniques, it is indicated that the children and now facing less difficulties and are having a positive experience to finally be able to fit in with their peers. The migrant’s positive experience is further enforced with the quote â€Å"and they were†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This gives the readers the notion that the migrants finally arrived to their new homeland after a rough journey. We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Journey specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Journey specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Journey specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The use of the ellipsis creates a pause to also suggest the unpredictable outcomes to be faced in the journey. From the quote provided it is apparent that the migrants have faced a difficult time travelling to the destination but the outcome was positive that they have made it to the new land safely. Another positive experience faced by the Migrants, is the fact that they were gradually becoming accepted into the community. This is evident in the quote â€Å"In which earth and water were being blent as it pulsed up in rich wells from underground†. Imagery and metaphor is used to reveal that the journey for the Migrant’s has ended as a positive and multicultural experience, in which the migrants and the locals accustomed to each other to form a national identity. From the examples and techniques used, it is seen that the Migrant’s journey first started off as a difficult one, but eventually accepted into the community benefiting them as good, learning experience for them. The next poem is ‘Drifters’ also by Bruce Dawe, and it follows the life a very transient and nomadic family who are constantly fleeting from home to home, in search to find a better life. Throughout the journey, the family has endured many difficult hardships but did not give up because they still had hope of a positive future. Some examples of the challenges they have encountered is when the children were â€Å"getting wildly for no reason†. Paradox is used to highlight the family’s mixed perspectives and show that physical journeys in can be very unpredictable. Despite the fact that the journey stimulated mixed feelings, the kids still managed to remain strong and stay sane. The next quote is interconnected and shows the emotional challenges tackled by the children. â€Å"The oldest girl was in tears because she was happy here† and green tomatoes†. Imagery and descriptive language is demonstrated throughout the first quote to emphasize the constant rush of the family and the distress the family has to face, as they were not ready to leave yet. This quote leads to the picking of the â€Å"green tomatoes† in which a metaphor was cleverly utilized to suggest that the children were not ready to leave just as green tomatoes are not ready to be eaten or harvested. The obstacles and challenges dealt by the family are manifestations of the journeys complications before ending positively. In the last line, â€Å"make a wish tom, make a wish†. Repetition is used to signify an end to the long journey and highlight the sentimental aspect of it. After experiencing a long restless journey, the family could have possibly came to an end resulting in a better future for them.. In the related text, ‘Journey to freedom’ by Hai-Van Nguyen, embarks on the author’s parent’s journey from war-torn Vietnam to Australia as refugees look for a better life. Throughout their journey they have faced some obstacles and barriers, which are manifested in the text through the use of language techniques. An example is evident in the quote â€Å"My parents have learnt that language barriers can be insurmountable as giant waves†. The use of simile highlights Hai-Van’s parent’s struggle to communicate with others due to their language disparity. This wasn’t as bad as it seems because it gives them a chance to open up a new learning experience which helps to benefit them throughout their journey, making a lot of it much less difficult. The repetition of â€Å"you† and use of inclusive language is very evident though out the text and that is because invite readers to experience the journey to give them a better insight and understanding of physical journeys. In the very last line, the author encourages the readers that, â€Å"we should listen to their words, hear their voices and document their stories†, Inclusive language is used to evoke a sense of community between the migrants, author and reader. From this text it is revealed that the author is tryinwg to cajole other people into being more thoughtful and that physical journey’s may have positive influences on other people as well as the travellers. From the Dawe poems and related text, we may learn that physical journeys may have many different positive outcomes regardless of all the challenges and obstacles entailed to the journey.

Contemporary Sexuality Class Monogamy

Monogamy and polygamy are the two different kinds of marriages that exist in the world today in which the former is regarded as the norm and the latter as the exception to the rule. These social patterns for marriage have differentiating circumstances encompassing their views. Monogamy, common in the developed countries, is whereby a person has one spouse at any one time. In contrast, polygamy, which is commonly favored in the traditional African and Muslim setting, takes place when a single male marries more than one female. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Contemporary Sexuality Class: Monogamy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The practice of monogamy has been held in high esteem and is considered as the social expectation of anyone in a romantic, sexual relationship. However, as much as this practice has been ingrained in popular culture, it should not continue to be socially expected, demanded of people. We s hould rethink this cultural sexual norm. The practice of polygamy has been unlawful in the United States since 1862. However, it has not been enforced strictly. The Mormon Church is well known for allowing this kind of marriage until the year 1980 when it outlawed it. It is important to note that the practice of polygamy is composed of polygyny and polyandry. Polygyny is whereby a man has at least two wives. On the other hand, polyandry is whereby a woman has at least two husbands. As much as monogamy has been held in high esteem by the developed world, its basic function as the center of civilization has not been understood properly. Most people hold the false perception that monogamy leads to a peaceful social contract, which is the basis for cultural harmony and economic growth. This vague awareness has never been explored intensively. No one has expressed that the practice of having one spouse at a time is merely an ancient compromise whose failure only leads to antagonisms th at people have failed to acknowledge for a long time. After all, this practice is regarded as the result of the age-old sexual dance, apart from others whose characteristics may not be so appealing. Similar to every hard-worn compromise, monogamy is not able to give a perfect result to every person. Closer examination of this practice reveals numerous private dissatisfactions, which remain a form of â€Å"deviance† that is generally suppressed and disapproved by most people. Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although this â€Å"deviance† has proved to be virtually impossible to eradicate, it has formed a nagging undercurrent of displeasure within any monogamous culture. Our society currently is full of children born out of wedlock, sexual infidelity, public prostitution, and an ever-increasing rise in divorce rate. However, if we rethink our sexual cultural norm, we can be able to eliminate some of these evils. This is because some of these evils have resulted since the system of monogamy is unable to make every person happy. It is true that a marked variability exists among people and they often want to be paired with their desirable sexual partners. Because of these, discontentment will always exist under the system of monogamy. Marriage is considered the best of all human institutions since it perpetuates the human race, lays the foundation of an organized society, and leads to the sharing of responsibilities. However, we are aware that these benefits have been denied to many, especially the women. Even as they have been deprived of their rights, the fault is not theirs. Since they possess the same susceptibilities for love that others have, they would prefer a wedded life. The fault can be traced to the tyrannical regulations and the fashions of the artificial system of social life that is practiced in this century. The culture of monogam y must be at fault since it is incapable of giving every one on this planet his or her marriage partner. On the other hand, the system of polygamy does not deprive women the benefits of marriage. The fact that women who are ready for marriage are more than men who are ready for marriage further illustrates this proposition. The surplus of women is due to men dying during warfare, violent incidences, and women living for many years than men. This proves that the system of monogamy is in itself unequal and unjust. It has been proven that women generally mature faster than men do; therefore, young women become marriageable at a much earlier age. Even after reaching marriageable age, most men prefer to devote most of their years working before they start to assume matrimonial duties. The result is that most men wed at a later period in their lives. Therefore, if monogamy will continue to be socially expected, then more women will fail to enjoy a marriage life. Furthermore, it has been observed that many men just do not want to marry even after acquiring the means of supporting a family. A number of them no longer have their youthful desires. In contrast, some have acquired decided habits of celibacy and others are too gay to think of marriage. More so, some are too busy or too selfish and others have been diseased by the contagious poison of low vice which makes them unfit for marriage. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Contemporary Sexuality Class: Monogamy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, the female sex is less susceptible to these difficulties and few of them are usually unwilling to marry. This is because they are naturally dependant on their male counterparts. This dependency is more evident in a marriage relationship. Therefore, it is only in marriage that women are able to fulfill their highest destiny in life. However, monogamy is cruel and oppressive and denies many women from reaching this state in life. Some argue that polygamy is a means of poverty because of the increase of family responsibilities. However, honestly, they fail to notice that a polygamous marriage is more economically secure than a monogamous one. This is because there is an added income, another pair of hands to run the family errands, or perhaps another shoulder to lean on in times of crises. To this end, it is clear that monogamy, which has been held in high esteem for many years, should not continue to be socially expected in our modern world. Polygamy can assist in holding families together and lowering the incidences of infidelity that are common in the society. In a situation in which a wife is barren, the man, in order to preserve his lineage, can comfortably get another wife without throwing out the barren one. If a wife is suffering from a chronic illness, polygamy prevents illicit relationships from taking place. In addition, since men are outnumbered, polygamy is able to deter women from engaging in prostitution to fulfill their sexual desires. This essay on Contemporary Sexuality Class: Monogamy was written and submitted by user Bruce Banner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Edgar Allan Poes Philosophy of Death

Edgar Allan Poe's Philosophy of Death Ralph Waldo Emerson once wrote: Talent alone cannot make the writer. There must be a man behind the book. There was a man behind The Cask of Amontillado, The Fall of the House of Usher, The Black Cat, and poems like Annabel Lee and  The Raven. That man- Edgar Allan Poe- was talented, but he was also eccentric and prone to alcoholism- having experienced more than his share of tragedies. But, what stands out even more prominently than the tragedy of Edgar Allan Poes life is his philosophy of death. Early Life Orphaned at the age of two,  Edgar Allan Poe was taken in by John Allan. Although Poes foster father educated him and provided for him, Allan eventually disinherited him. Poe was left penniless, earning a meager living by writing reviews, stories, literary criticism, and poetry. All of his writing and his editorial work was not enough to bring him and his family above the level of mere subsistence, and his drinking made it difficult for him to hold a job. Inspiration for Horror Arising from such a stark background, Poe has become a classical phenomenon, known for the gothic horror  he created in The Fall of the House of Usher and other works. Who can forget The Tell-Tale Heart and The Cask of Amontillado? Every Halloween those stories come to haunt us. On the darkest night, when we sit around the campfire and tell horrible tales, Poes stories of horror, grotesque death, and madness are told again. Why did he write about such horrible events? About the calculated and murderous entombment of Fortunato, as he writes, A succession of loud and shrill screams, bursting suddenly from the throat of the chained form, seemed to thrust me violently back. For a brief moment- I trembled. Was it disillusionment with life that drove him to these grotesque scenes? Or was it some acceptance that death was inevitable and horrible, that it sneaks up like a thief in the night, leaving madness and tragedy in its wake? Or, is it something more to do with the last lines of The Premature Burial? There are moments when, even to the sober eye of Reason, the world of our sad Humanity may assume the semblance of a Hell... Alas! The grim legion of sepulchral terrors cannot be regarded as altogether fanciful... they must sleep, or they will devour us- they must be suffered to slumber, or we perish. Perhaps death offered some answer for Poe. Perhaps escape. Perhaps only more questions- about why he still lived, why his life was so hard, why his genius was so little recognized. He died as he had lived: a tragic, pointless death. Found in the gutter, apparently the victim of an election gang who used alcoholics to vote for their candidate. Taken to a hospital, Poe died four days later and was buried in a Baltimore cemetery next to his wife. If he was not well-loved in his time (or at least not as well-appreciated as he might have been), his tales at least have taken on a life of their own. Hes recognized as the founder of the detective story (for works like The Purloined Letter, the best of his detective stories). He has influenced culture and literature; and his figure is placed beside the literary greats in history for his poetry, literary criticism, stories, and other works. His view of death may have been filled with darkness, foreboding, and disillusionment. But, his works have lasted beyond the horror to become classics.

Forensic Evidence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Forensic Evidence - Case Study Example According to Mr. and Mrs. Anderson, Caroline is a college student at the State University of New York and has a part-time clerical job at the university. They do not have the resources to locate their missing daughter, personally; hence, they are seeking the help of NYPD. Interview is the very basic thing to do in this case. Talking to Caroline's family, relatives, boyfriend, friends, flatmates, workmates and schoolmates will help us truly determine her background and what transpired before she disappeared. Among the questions to be answered are: What is her everyday routine Have they noticed anything awkward in her actuations in the past few days What are her affiliations Who are the persons she has been going out lately Is there a reason for her to run away Is it the first time for her to run away, go somewhere without telling her parents or anyone close to her If so, what was her reason for running away before Has she quarreled with anyone lately Has she confided about noticing something suspicious Apart from the interview with relatives, friends and contacts, Caroline Anderson's photograph is one of the basic evidences. How can investigators find a missing person without having an idea of how the person looks like However, the photograph handed over by Caroline's family should not be solely relied on. It has to be uploaded to a computer to see how a person looks in different angles, different hairstyles or colors. Check Telephone Records Today, almost everybody has their own mobile phone for easy communication access. Hence, it is a must to check on the telephone company if Caroline has made any calls, local or long distance, prior to her disappearance (Galloway, 1997). Or she may have made a call at the time when she's reported missing. The people whom she called and the telephone record itself can provide a lead on her whereabouts. A number of cases have been solved from a lead taken at a telephone record. Multi-awarded investigator, Gil Alba, solved a case of a missing person by taking off from a lead on telephone record; Alba Investigations and the family of the missing person had a clue from the cellphone that this person is somewhere in Canada (Gassler, 2003). Revisit the path If Caroline Anderson disappeared after calling on her parents at New Jersey, the investigators must revisit the path she took while paying attention to every detail along the way. Coordination with the state's Police Department will also help. This will enable the investigator to check whether an unusual incident occurred during the time and day when Caroline Anderson is supposed to be traveling back to New York. If an unidentified female body was found nearby, the investigator can check on this. Hospitals and funeral parlors are worth checking as well. The family might believe that Caroline is still alive or just went somewhere, but investigators must be very objective. Visit Caroline's place Apart from her route, Caroline's flat, workplace and school also need to be revisited for some clue on her whereabout

The Taliban Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Taliban - Research Paper Example Social scientists and organizations are conducting studies in order to develop â€Å"more concrete data†¦that lead some people to terrorism –and use those insights to develop ways to thwart it† (Tori DeAngelis, 2009). The Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu aptly puts it: â€Å"If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every vic ­tory gained you will also suffer a defeat (The Art of War, 6 BC).† The Taliban The Taliban emerged in the 1990s as a predominantly Pashtun movement in northern Pakistan. The group became prominent in 1994 in Afghanistan and was then recognized by the United Arab Emirates, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. It gained notoriety after the 9/11 attacks in the United States of America in 2001 and was soon removed from power in Afghanistan by a US-led coalition. The group advocated a hard line enforcement of Islamic Law (BBC News Asia, 3 January 2012). Taliban ideology is based on Salafism which follows the egalitarian model, and Pashtunwali, which â€Å"arose from the madrassas during the Afghan-Soviet war.† The group â€Å"represented nobody but themselves and recognized no Islam except their own. (Afsar, Major Shahid, Samples, Major Chris and Wood, Major Thomas, 2008). Their religious ideology firmly enforces zealous compliance to their rule including banning all forms of entertainment, and banning of women’s education, including their seclusion. Harsh punishment for offenses like chopping of hands and public executions are their common methods of dispensing justice for perceived crime (EASO, 2012). The group has a hierarchical and layered structure with autonomous units under the control of the central leadership. It is headed by the Mullah Mohammad Omar who also controls the Shura (Leadership Council) with several organizing directors controlling provincial level activities under him. The next level of hierarchy is th e Provincial Chief with their respective Provincial Commision members, followed by the District level chief with District Deputies. On the fighter level, are the squad leaders with their respective Mujahiddens (EASO, 2012). Decision making is left to the top leaders who utilize authoritarian decision-making. The lower levels of the hierarchy on the other hand rely on consensus decision-making to maintain support from the populace (Afsar et. al, 2012). According to Jeffrey Dressler and Carl Forsberg, in their article Backgrounder The Quetta Shura Taliban in Southern Afghanistan: Organization, Operation and Shadow Governance (December 31, 2009) Large fighting units range in size from groups of twelve to thirty-plus fighters. They typically carry out†¦coordinated, multi-directional ambushes or raids in Taliban-controlled territory. Suicide bombers are†¦foreign†¦(as) their deaths will not be mourned by local families, potentially eroding public support for†¦Suicide a ttackers are trained in Pakistan and sent into the south, to report to a specific commander to receive instructions. At the district level and below are resourced by local indigenous fighters. Low-level commanders and small-unit leaders (no less than five personnel) operate with a higher degree of autonomy. Smaller units are typically comprised of between eight and twelve men, responsible for planting improvised explosive devices (IEDs), conducting small-scale ambushes of coalition and Afghan patrols and checkpoints and

Nation-states and colonial regimes have historically managed diversity Essay - 1

Nation-states and colonial regimes have historically managed diversity while creating further diversity in the process. Explain some of these tensions - Essay Example ular media, scholarly literature, professional journals and many more, it is a multifaceted expression, and thus, there is no single definition of diversity. The dictionary definition of diversity is â€Å"a state of unlikeness† or â€Å"the condition of being different.† For many, diversity means inclusion, gender, or racial differences. Since we are all different, diversity is a term that includes everyone. In this essay, diversity refers to individual, group and cultural differences. A nation-state is an independent state in which the majority of the citizens are united by factors such as common descent and language, which are factors that define a nation. JurgenOsterhammel (2005) as â€Å"a relationship between the majority who are indigenous and the foreign invaders who are the minority†, on the other hand, defines colonialism. In the pursuit of interests, the colonial rulers make and implement the fundamental decisions that affect the lives of the colonized people. History has that many examples of colonial regimes rejecting cultural compromises with the colonized population exist. This end up forcing the colonized population believes that the colonizers are the superior. Unsurprisingly, this rejection leads to tensions within the diverse population. A concept that has been propagated to respond and manage the issue of diversity is multiculturalism. Multiculturalism is the ideology of embracing diversity in cultures and formulation of policies to protect the existence of different orientations in a population (Long, 1997). It is all about making people in a society to preserve their different cultures. The idea of multiculturalism is manifested in the approach used to propagate and champion for it. Advocacy groups are formed to push for recognition of the right of people to uphold and practice their culture and religion. Another way it comes out is by creating of policies that promote diversity of cultures. The concept is opposed to the integration of

Materials Used For Making Gears

Materials Used For Making Gears Tribology has been there since the beginning of recorded history. Tribology is the word basically derived from Greek in which tribos means rubbing. From this we understand that Tribology is the scientific study of interacting surfaces and of related subjects and practices. [1] The 3 factors that are considered to be a major factor in tribology are friction, wear and lubrication. Friction is defined as the opposite force created when 2 surfaces are in contact. Friction can cause damage to the parts in contacts due to the heat generation and this can be studied using tribology. Wear is defined as the irregularities caused in a surface due to the external factors. Running a machine with weared parts can reduce the life of the machine. Lubrication is defined as the viscous liquid applied between two surfaces in contact for better performance and longer life. Fig. 1: Gears [8] Gears are means by which power is transferred from the source to the application. [2] In the present world it has been used in most of the mechanical machines so that power can be transferred in an easier and sufficient way. The gearing technology started at about 100 years before and it was carried out by the Europeans in the Dark Ages to bring out the development in the gears. [2] As years passed by more developed versions of gears were introduced which were lightweight, with high speed and gears that could withstand high loads. The gears are used as an important component in automobiles so that power is transmitted from the engine to the wheels to cause an increase in the speed of the vehicle. Hypoid gears are one of the common gears used in automobiles to do this operation. [2] Transmission which is defined as two or more gears working in tandem is used as an important principle in automobiles. Untitled.jpg In todays world many gears have been developed and these gears are being used for different purposes. These gears have been been divided into 2 such as: External Gears: In these types of gears the teeth can be found outside the cylinder or cone. Internal Gears: These types of gears have teeths in the inner surface of the cylinder or cone. With either internal or external gears a lot of gears have been developed for different purposes and these gears are explained below:Spur Gears Spur gears: This is one of the most common types of gear. These gears have teeth perpendicular to the face of the gear and the edge of the tooth is parallel to the axis of rotation. The disadvantage of these types of gears is that they are a little noisy at low speeds and this reduces to a minimum at higher speeds. [7] Fig. 2: Spur Gear [9] Rack and pinion gears: This type of gears consists of a rack more like a spur gear with infinite radius of curvature and a pinion gear which keeps on rotating over the rack. These types of gears are mainly used to convert circular motion into linear motion. Trains run on railway tracks based on this principle. Racks Gears Fig. 3: Rack and Pinion Gear [9] Helical gears: Helical gears are almost similar to the spur gears. The difference is that the teeths are in a helicoids shape and are not parallel to the axis of rotation. [7] It is less noisy than the spur gears and is widely used in industries. [7] Double helical gears are also used which has helical gears kept inversely on both sides. Helical Gears Fig. 4: Helical Gear [9] Worm gears: These are the type of gears that consists of a concave teeth profile and this teeth is usually engaged to helical gears. It is used where power is to be transferred at 90 degrees. Here sliding motion is caused rather than helical motion. [7] Heavy lubricants with good film thickness is used to prevent contact of the metals because since the teeth is small there is a chance in breakage of the teeth causing higher maintenance of the gears. Worm Gears Fig. 5: Worm Gears [9] Bevel gears: These types of gears have conical shaped teeths. It is mainly used to connect shafts to intersecting lines. The angle between 2 bevel gears can be between 0 to 180 degrees depending upon the purpose. Bevel gears with equal number of teeths and shafts at 90 degrees are called miter gears. Spiral bevel gears also known as hypoid gears are used in automobiles. These gears will always have shafts at 90 degrees. Bevel Gears Fig. 6: Bevel Gears [9] Epicyclic gears: Here 2 or more external gears move inside an internal gear as shown in Fig. 8. These types of gears are mainly used in mechanical differentials. http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:plRNuhlKzzM8lM:http://www.monarchbearing.com/images/planetary-gears.gif Fig. 7: Epicyclic Gears [9] In all the types of gears above due to their contact with each other a frictional force is created between them and due to these frictional forces it can cause wear to the gears. Here the tribological factors come into play and reduce the life cycle of the gears. This can also cause the tooth of the gears to break. So lubricants have to be used to an extent to improve the life of the gears and materials have to be used according to the kind of environment in which the gears are to be used. Materials used for making Gears: Gears can be made from a wide variety of materials such as wood to high steel alloys depending on the requirements. Gears in different mechanical machines needs different materials to overcome the surrounding obstacles, for longer life of the equipment and the machine and also to reduce the cost. Due to these the design of gears will always depend on the accuracy level needed for the gears, load to be applied on the gears, speeds to which the gears will rotate, the noise limitations and the material to be used. So the cost of the gear will always depend on these factors. [2] So while selecting materials we should consider the tribological factors that would affect the gear while its operation like: Allowable bending and Hertz stress because as the bending stress is low there is a chance for the gear to get bend at higher temperatures. Wear resistance as the gears and gear tooths should not get weared at higher speed of rotation of the gears. Impact strength as the gears should not break when it is engaged with higher force with another gear. Water and corrosion resistance to resist against corrosion due to lubricant action. Manufacturing cost to make the gears profitable Size and weight so that the gears can be used in all machines Lubricant requirements to see that costly lubricants are not required to maintain the gears. Dimensionally stable and reliable. Stress free structure [3] Depending upon these factors, different materials are used and the details about properties of the materials and the conditions on which these materials are used are given below: Plastics: In the past, gears were made of wood or phenolic-resin impregnated cloth and as years passed by more light weight, low cost gears were required. With the invention of new polymers in plastics it gave more opportunities for the preparation of light weight, low cost gears. For this the most common plastics used today are acetate and nylon resins. This plastic gear reduces the cost of the gears when produced at large quantities and also is sometimes mixed with metals for longer and quieter operation of the gears. But since these acetate and nylon resins gears are limited to certain conditions such as strength, temperature resistance and accuracy it was required to make a different polymer for the preparation of the gears and a different polymer called Polyamide was developed. This polyamide molded gears could resist higher temperatures and could be used in certain situations in place of metal gears to overcome the tribological factors but due to its higher cost for production its still not used in all situations. [2] Non-ferrous alloys: Titanium is also another material that can be combined with other metals to form a gear. Also the die cast materials like zinc, aluminium, brass, bronze are also used for gears due to its high corrosion property, high strength, less machining. These non ferrous alloys can be used for making gears because it can overcome most of the tribological factors. But these metals cannot be produced at large quantities due to its high cost of production. [2] Cast iron: Cast iron is used for the preparation of gears because of its low cost, machinability and moderate mechanical properties. There are 3 types of cast irons differentiated basically depending on the structure of graphite in these irons. These are gray iron, malleable iron and ductile iron. Out of these the malleable and ductile irons have good shock resisting property and are mostly used in most of the gears by mixing it with other metals so that the gear made from this will be able to overcome most of the external factors affecting tribology. [2] Sintered Powder Metals: These metals are used where high production is required with low cost. The process is simple where powder is put into the suitable high pressure die. A wide variety of selections of powders are available in this section of powdered metals. This sintered powder is also widely used in automotive industries by hot forming process which was recently developed to improve the mechanical properties of gears and resist against the effects of tribology. [2] Hardened steels: This is one the most commonly used material in all industries for the manufacture of gears. These types of materials are used based on the factors like load, time period for which the material will work, lubricants to be used and the surrounding conditions that affect tribology such as temperature, pressure and humidity. When the gears are to be run at moderate temperature a low alloy material will be used for the production of gear and if the work load on the gear is to be high a high alloy material will be used after case carburizing or case nitriding to increase the fatigue strength. Of the 2 processes the case carburizing will have more distortion than the case nitriding process and would require an additional grinding process that would cause an increase in the cost of the gears. [2] Steel alloy is mostly used for the production gears more than normal steels. The materials used for gear preparation are an important factor for the preparation of gears as the working, the life of the gear, strength of the gear will all depend on the material. The material chosen must also be able to withstand the friction, wear and lubrication and have to be overcome to have long lasting and strong gears. If correct material is not chosen according to the criteria the machine can be of a complete failure and may not work properly. While selecting the materials the following factors have to be considered: Surface of the gears: The surface of gear has an important part in the life cycle of the gear as it must be able to withstand friction, wear and it must be able to properly engage with other gears and provide the required power to the required output shaft. For gears the surface texture which is defined as the combinations of imperfections on a surface [11] must be smooth and the gap between two teeths must be of proper size so the the 2 teeths are engaged correctly to each other. Eventhough gears now produced are with poor geometrical perfection or quality of surface texture companies is trying hard to produce gears with reduced surface texture by processes such as honing, lapping and super finishing methods. This is the opposite force caused when one body moves tangentially over another. The force can cause heat between the surface and can lead to the wear of the parts. The quality of the material used and the surface roughness decides the amount of friction that would occur on the surface of gears and this inturn decides the depth of wear that would occur on gears.The different types of wears that occurs on the surface of gears are given below: Adhesive wear: This type of wear occurs on the tooth surface and is very difficult to find. Here the surface of the tooth gets a quashed look due to the long running of the gears. A moderate adhesive wear can also be caused on the gear surface due to variable loading of on the gear at different times. [15] The moderate adhesive wear will appear bright and can be seen with the naked eye 9as shown in fig. 11). Untitled3.jpg Fig. 9: Moderate Adhesive Wear [15] Fig. 8: Adhesive wears [15] Abrasive wear: This type of wear occurs on gear surfaces when fine or severe dust particles are present in the lubricant used to reduce friction between the engaging gear surfaces. This type of wear is mainly seen in machines used at cement factories, road laying machines, mining machineries etc. The abrasives can cause the surface texture of the gear to change which in turn causes the application of more lubricant to the surface for the smooth running of the machine. [15] The abrasives in the lubricant can be of 2 types and cause wear to the gear in 2 methods which are classified as mild abrasion and severe abrasion. Mild Abrasion: This type of wear is caused when mild or fine particles are present in the lubricant and this causes wear on the surface of the gear. This cause only small marks on the surface of the gear and wear increases in the longer run of the gears. [15] Severe Abrasion: This type of wear is caused when large particles are present in the lubricant. It causes a larger wear in the gear and also can cause the breakdown in the machine. [15] Corrosive Abrasion: This type of abrasion is caused when the chemicals in Lubricating oil reacts with the surface. [15] Conformity: It is defined as the degree of agreement between the surfaces.[1] The degree of conformity must be maximum for gears to exactly engage and run for a longer period of time. Initial wear can increase the conformity between the gears. If the right amount of lubricant is added during the initial wear period the initial wear will stop by itself and increase the conformity between the gears. High conformity is found mostly between 2 flat surfaces. The lowest conformity is found between a flat surface and a ball.[1] Surface Texture: It is surface condition that depends on the material of manufacture, the way in which the material was processed, the lubricant used on the surface and the type of wear that occurs on the surface. Surface texture is an important factor for gears movement of the gears and the degree at which the gears touch each other depends on this property. Below the figure shows the terms that are used for defining the surface texture: Untitled 2.jpg Fig. 10: Terms used for Surface Texture [3] The irregularities in the surface of gears must be reduced to minimum while making a gear so that the thin film lubricant can run smoothly between gears and reduce the tribological factors between the gears. The surface finish should be smooth and must be free from sharp irregularities to increase the fatigue strength of the gear and this should be maintained throughout the gears to have a quieter operation. [3] The surface of the gear which is to be in contact with the other gear has to be of higher strength so the tooth dont get weared out easily. The precision of the gears structure should be considered for long lasting of the gears. The surface of the gears can be improved using methods like polishing, heat treatment methods, Lubrication for smoother operation of gears: Lubricants are a viscous fluid applied between 2 gears for reducing the heat generated between them and to lubricate the teeth to reduce the friction between the gears. The selections of lubricant have to be correct to in order to provide high efficiency, good reliability, low maintenance and long life for the gears. [4] Generally the gear operates in 3 modes of lubrication mainly boundary, mixed, full film and hydrodynamic lubrication. The boundary condition is attained when the gear is started or stopped. With increase in relative motion the mixed lubrication condition is obtained and with further increase in speed the gear is said to run at full film lubrication.[3] If there is a lubricant between the 2 contact surfaces and it is sufficient to protect the gears from contact then the lubrication is called as hydrodynamic lubrication. [1] The lubricant differs from the normal liquid by the property of viscosity. Viscosity is defined as the measure of the fluids resistance to flow. [ 13] Since gears would be under high pressure and sliding it would require a medium to high grade lubricant. As the viscosity of lubricant increases the lubricant is said to be more reliable for the gears. A gear lubricant is said to have the below factors for obtaining a good performance from the gear: thermal and oxidative stability thermal durability compatibility with seal materials protection against excessive gear and bearing wear high-temperature extreme pressure protection gear and bearing cleanliness emulsibility characteristics rust and corrosion protection, especially to yellow metal components antifoaming characteristics [5] The major tribological factors of the lubricant are: Viscosity: It is a property of the lubricant for providing the lubrication affect to the engaging gears. The viscosity of the lubricant can protect the gear from friction. Higher the viscosity greater the protection to the gears. Additives: It is a chemical substance added to oil to increase the property of oil and protect the gear against wear. Additives can protect the gear from wear and overheating. Better the additives greater will be the protection for the gear. Contamination: It is the addition of an external component in the lubricant that could reduce the property of the lubricant. This is a disadvantage for gears. If the contaminated substance is large it can cause a breakdown to the gears. Degradation: It is the wearing out of some parts of the gear due to chemical reactions. This is also a disadvantage to the gears. More the degradation more the chance for the tooth to break off. The below table explains the factors affecting selection of industrial gear lubricants: Factor Requirement Gearing Type Spur and bevel Helical and spiral bevel Hypoid Worm Low slide, low speed Moderate slide, moderate to high loading High slide, high loading Excessive sliding,moderate to high loading Loading High loaded industrial gear drives requires the use of extreme gear pressure gear lubricants. Surface finish Rougher surfaces requires high viscosity oils Smoother surfaces can use low viscosity oils Transmitted power As load is increased viscosity must be increased. Gear speed The higher the speed of the gear drive the lighter the viscosity needs to be Materials compatibility Some types of extreme pressure additives can attack yellow metals like brass and bronze Temperature The industrial gear lubricants viscosity must be selected based on the lowest and highest operating temperature. Table 1: Factors affecting selection of gear lubricant [6] Types of gear lubricants: There are lots of oil used as lubricant for gears to reduce wear,to protect against corrosion, to protect the gear against oxidation and to prevent the formation of foam between the 2 gears. [12] Inhibited oil: This is a lubricant used to prevent the corrosion and foaming between the gears. [12] Extreme Pressure Oils: These oils contain inhibited oils and chemically active substances and are used for modifying the friction acting between the 2 engaging gears.[12] Compounded oils; These are oils made from steam cylinder stocks compounded with fatless additives. The purpose of this oil is also to reduce friction.[12] Open gear compounds: This lubricant consists of additives and is used for high, slow speed heavily loaded gears. This lubricant protects the gear teeth from damage.[12] Greases: This is one of the commonly used lubricants. It consists thick soap contents. It can only be used on low speed gear surfaces.[12] Methods of lubrication: Grease Lubrication: This type of lubrication is used at gears with0 to 6 m/s tangential speed. It can be applied on all types of gears operating at low speeds. Excess of this lubricant can lead power loss and viscous drag.[5] Splash Lubrication: This type of lubrication is applied to gears with speed of 4 to 15 m/s tangential speed. Here the lubrication is done by running the gear through an oil bath. The lubricant is effective only from 3 m/s speed of the gear and the oil should be prevented from mixing with some other liquid or particles which could cause a damage to the gear teeth.[5] Spray Lubrication: This type of lubrication is applied to gears with more 12m/s of tangential operating speed. Here the oil for lubrication is sprayed through a nozzle. The nozzle should be engineered properly as there is a chance for the oil to get deflected out of path of flow by centrifugal force or by the air that is flowing out. [5] Lubricants can protect the gears from the tribological factors such as friction and wear. We know what are the types of lubricants to be used, their applications and the types of lubrication processes. It is important that we select the right amount and quality of lubricants for the gears so that they have a longer life and dont get weared out easily. Engineers are still now researching to find the best lubricant for gears so that defects in gears like scoring, scuffing, pitting doesnt occur at all for gears. The gear noise is also prevented to an extend by lubrication. Operating Conditions for Gears: Operating conditions are important tribological factors for gears as this will determine the lubricant to be used, the material to be selected for making gears. The operating conditions of gears are determined by the factors like load applied on the gear, the speed at which the gear is about to rotate,relative motion between the gears, environmental condition, the product of pressure and velocity acting on the gears and the temperature on which the gear is about to work. These operating conditions which are to be considered for operation of gear are applied below: Load: Load is the determining factor for the strength of a gear which determines the material to be used for the gear production, the amount of rubbing that would occur between the gear surfaces, the whole network of surface stresses that would occur in the contact zone of the gear surfaces and the coefficient of friction that would occur between the gears. The load also influences the behaviour of a lubricant or the abrasive particles present in the lubricant which would cause an impact on the gear tooth directly. The other area where the load influence is known is at the bonding between the gears that is directly dependent on the degradation of the surface films, increase in contact area and on temperature. In fact loading has a major impact on the change, age and wear characteristics of the materials. The schematic diagram of the influence of load on the operation of gear is given in the fig. 11.the figure explains the stresses produced due to load applied and the effects of these substances on the element.So in order to keep the gear in good condition and free from wear the following points have to be taken into account: To keep the gears in good condition progressive loading of gears is a best way. Decrease in load variation as it would reduce the rise of cavitation in the gears Decreasing fatigue loading in gears to prevent surface fatigue wear.[14] Speed: Speed of gear is an important factor as it varies from one mechanical component to another and is an important factor for the working of the machine. The parameter of the gears that are greatly influenced by the speed of gears are : Temperature: Temperature is a factor which is greatly influenced by the speed of the gear. As the speed of the gears increases the temperature between the gears also increases leading to more heat dissipation. Inorder to maintain the temperature between the gears we have to consider a good coolant and a good heat conducting surrounding medium. Friction coefficient: The effect of speed on the friction coefficient comes into play especially in a lubricated circumstance, where this factor determines the hydrodynamic load carrying capacity. At very low speed of the gears there is a chance for the stick-slip phenomenon due to the fluctuation in friction coefficient. [14] Load Normal Stresses Tangential Stresses Elastic and plastic deformation Degradation of surface films Chemical and metallurgical bonds (adhesion) Thickness of films Viscosity Lubricant Coefficient of friction Fig.11: Schematic flow chart showing the influence of load [15] Relative motion: The relative motion involves motions like sliding, rolling, spinning and bouncing. These motion can decrease the performance of the gear and also can cause wear in the gear. The use of correct material, lubricant and designing the gear correctly can increase the performance of the gear and also give longer life to the gear. [1] Environment: Environment can cause a decrease in performance of the gear. This is caused by the contamination of the lubricant and also due to the chemical reaction of the lubricant with the gear metals. [1] Product (PxV): Here the quantity of heat generated by friction is calculated from the energy at the contact which is given by the equation E = QVf (where Q = load applied to the contact, V = displacement velocity, f = friction coefficient). Here the term PxV is used as a reference to estimate the limiting conditions for materials such as polymers, solid lubricants, self lubricating sintered materials etc. This in turn can be used as a basis for the selection and comparison of materials. Thus we are able to know the maximum PxV for certain materials and us them for the production of gears. [14] Temperature: Temperature has a major effect on the contact zone of the 2 surfaces of a gear. The temperature increase in the tooth of the gear can cause geometric distortion or loss of clearance in the tooth. It can also cause an increase in the coefficient of friction and wear to the gear. Temperature can also cause deterioration in the mechanical properties of the materials and change the properties of the lubricants. An increase in the interfacial bonds is also caused which lead to a chemical reaction between the materials. [14] Conclusion: Thus the audit of gears using the tribological factors such as material, surface, lubrication and operating conditions was conducted. It is found that gears are useful in most of the mechanical applications and also have a lot of properties that are to be taken care of while the operation of the gear. In todays world, a lot of materials are available for the manufacture of gears. These materials can only be used in different conditions and have their own advantages and disadvantages. So in future a much modern material with zero wearing property and that provides longer life to the gears have to be developed. In the case of surfaces of gears smooth finished gears are already been produced these days. A surface with normal surface texture and conformity will provide smoother running of gears in future. A lots of lubricants are available in todays world. In future a more advanced lubricant can be developed that can reduce wearing of gears completely and also help to increas e the performance of gears to the fullest. All gears today are developed for performing at a particular load and temperature above which the gear can get damaged. So in future gears have to be developed that can operate at maximum temperature and load so that wear of gears due to these characteristics can be reduced to minimum.

Case Study Analysis Essay -- Business Hospital Management Essays

Case Study Analysis Chris Smith received a promotion to executive assistant to the chief executive officer at Faith Community Hospital. On Chris’s first day as executive assistant his boss, Pat, the CEO of Faith Community Hospital, meets with Chris to discuss, what the hospital does and some of the problems that the hospital is having. At the end of the meeting, Pat asks Chris to prepare a report that covers three areas: what is going on right now, what they can do about it, and what they should do about it. In the beginning of the meeting, Pat gives Chris some background information on the hospital, Pat’s position, and the company’s mission statement. Pat is the CEO of the hospital and reports directly to the Board of Directors of the Faith Foundation, whose diversity provides many different ways of thinking and decision-making. Although the hospital has a mission statement it seems like very few people are following it now a days, everybody has interpreted the mission statement to suit his or her needs. This is where the problems begin to occur. Faith Community is a non-profit organization designed to provide care to people from all lifestyles, but because of a growing number of problems, they have to re-evaluate how the actual running of the hospital and how the patients are being treated. With the diversity in thinking and decision-making, this is no easy task. Pat’s job is to figure out what is going wrong and how they can fix it and report these solutions to the Board of Directors. The first problem that Faith Community Hospital faces is the treatment the patients are receiving or the lack of treatment they are receiving. Because Faith Community is a religious based hospital sometimes individual’s personal beliefs can get in the way. Some medical personnel are refusing to administer certain procedures due to their beliefs, while some patients refuse certain procedures because of their beliefs. Currently the hospital faces the chance of charges being pressed from Child Protective Services, who allege that the hospital failed to provide services to the child. Some of the orders are not being followed or are being ignored because of how certain staff members feel, as well as the family members. The second problem that Faith Community Hospital faces is staff members providing free health care to people who cannot afford it without autho... ...nce their balance and make monthly payments. By financing the balance the hospital can add on interest to the overall balance, which will help pay for the employees needed to create this kind of department. The final issue that needs to be discussed at this meeting is employing people from social services. By having these people onsite they can immediately help uninsured patients apply for Medicaid or Medicare. If the patients qualify than they are covered by the state, and the hospital will be reimbursed for the services that they provide which will help with the hospitals increasing premiums, by taking patients away from using the hospitals insurance. Overall Faith Community Hospital is not in bad shape, a few minor problems need to be solved to get the hospital back on its feet and to help the hospital break even with their costs. By employing these special programs and revising the policies and procedures handbook, Faith Community Hospital can be providing quality health care to more people everyday and still afford to stay in business. These programs have worked well in other hospitals to offset the costs they incur and they can do the same for Faith Community Hospital.

Varun Nagar Case

Executive summary: Varun Nagar Agriculture cooperative society (VNACS) has two assets which include, Rs 5, 00,000 in cash and a paddy stock which is worth Rs 5, 00,000. The liabilities of VNACS include, Rs 5,00,000 to be paid for procurement of paddy to farmers, and Rs 5,29,167 to be paid towards over draft amount this also includes the accrued interest over the period of seven months(Rs 29,167 is the interest to be paid for seven months from September 1990 to march 1991) as the over draft has been drawn September last year. Mr.Agarwal the Manager of VNACS has two make decisions about two business proposals in front of him, whether he should retain paddy stock and whether he should buy fertilizer stock. Mr. Agarwal taking all the option available into consideration decides to retain paddy stock and not to buy fertilizer stock this decision will be in the best interest of Cooperative and farmers at large. Main Report: 1. Situation Analysis: a) Introduction: The case revolves around Mr . Agarwal, Manager of the cooperative (VNACS), other players include the members of the agriculture cooperative, Mr. Dwivedi, the bank manager.The main functions of VNACS are to procure the agricultural produce from farmer members and market it in the district mandis. The society also procured and supplied inputs (seeds, fertilizers and pesticides) to the farmer members. Mr. Agarwal’s objective is to ensure maximum benefit to the farmers through the cooperative and its operations, and also to sustain the society’s good image. Where as being the members of cooperative, the farmers wish is to gain the maximum return of their produce. The branch manager would like to extend the business with the cooperative in the long run. ) Objectives: Mr. Agarwal’s should make decisions which are in the best interest of all the stake holders, whom include, the Farmer members of the society, the Co-operative society and the Bank. The Farmer members should get best price for their agricultural produce and have access to agricultural inputs like seeds and fertilizers at cheaper prices compared to the market price. The Co-operative society should sustain the good image earned over the years, which helped in ensuring the support of the bank, and support of members of the society.Taking the above into consideration the objectives should be * To meet the expectations and also serving in the best interest of farmer members. * To sustain the good image of the Co-operative society in the years to come. * To maintain good relation with Jaldhara District Cooperative Bank, and to remain credit worthy. c) Decision problems: Mr. Agarwal has two decision problems which he should confront in the process of working towards the objectives. * Should he retain the paddy stock? * Should he buy fertilizer? Mr.Agarwal has these two business decision to make, which can contribute towards VNACS’s larger objective of serving the members interest, and his objective to serve VN ACS’s interest in the best possible manner. But due to the limited resources available with VNACS, it gives rise to this situation in which Mr. Agarwal is confronted with these decision problems. His options include holding the paddy for sale in October to get better returns, another option is to buy fertilizer now so that the society can supply fertilizers to the farmer members at a cheaper price in October.The Co-operative is not financially strong to do both, as the payment of Rs. 5, 00,000 to the members towards the procurement of paddy was due by March 31, 1991. Mr. Agarwal’s objective is to serve in the best interest of the farmer members He understands how important it is to make payment to the farmers on time, so he certainly does not want to default on that, come what may. Therefore after the repayment of Rs 5 lakhs to farmer members VNACS is left with the paddy stock which is worth Rs 5 lakhs. Mr.Agarwal under these circumstances should confront the above men tioned decision problems. d) Criteria for decision making: As discussed above, the payment should be made to the farmers on or before the due date, at any cost. He should make a decision which would lead to maximum benefit for farmer members in financial terms, as that was the aim with which VNACS was set up. In the given scenario it is very difficult for the society to get a loan of substantial amount, though society can ask for a small additional loan given the good terms which society has with the bank.Taking above discussed criteria into consideration we can prioritize them as * Payment for the procured paddy should be made to the farmers on or before the Due date * Maximum benefit to the farmers, whether in terms of getting higher price for their agricultural produce of providing access to agricultural inputs at a cheaper price. * To maintain credit worthiness with bank. Society has already taken an over draft of R 5 lakhs, so it is likely that only small amount can be sought a s loan from the banks. * To maximize the total revenue for the Co-operative society . Decision process: a) Generating Alternatives: Mr. Agarwal has two confront with two decision problem, Should he retain paddy stock? Should he buy fertilizer? From these two decision problems we can generate four different alternatives. I. Sell paddy stock now and do not buy fertilizer. II. Retain paddy stock till September/ October, and purchase fertilizer now. III. Retain paddy stock till September/ October, but do not purchase fertilizer. IV. Sell paddy stock now, and purchase fertilizer now. b) Evaluation of Alternatives: I.Sell paddy stock now and do not buy fertilizer: In this alternative buy selling 100 tons of paddy stock at current market price of Rs 5,000 per ton, would mean that buy this sale Society would only be able to repay the procurement cost of paddy i. e. Rs 5 lakh to the farmers which is due for 31st march. Society has an additional cash balance of Rs 5 Lakh, which would go for t he repayment of over draft taken from the bank in September 1990. But the interest for seven months on over draft of Rs 5 lakh, which accounts to Rs 30,000, has to be paid to the bank.Net Result is a loss of Rs. 30,000 In this alternative we are able to meet the first criteria, i. e. the repayment to the farmers, but we are not able to meet the rest criteria II. Retain paddy stock till September/ October, and purchase fertilizer now: This criteria can give us good profit, but taking the current situation of VNACS which has already taken an over draft of Rs 5, 00,000 the bank is most likely will not provide an additional loan. The estimated additional cost to go ahead with this alternative is Rs 5, 68,000. Estimated additional cost in Rupees|Cost to buy 2000 bags of fertilizers = 5,00,000| Cost to insure both fertilizer and paddy stock = 40,000| Labour and equipment cost = 25,000| Rent paid for storage of fertilizer stock = 3,000| Total = 5,68,000| Even though we can gain good return s from this alternative, it is very improbable to mobilize such huge amount, give the conditions. III. Retain paddy stock till September/ October, but do not purchase fertilizer. In this alternative the cash reserve of Rs 5 lakh will be used to repay the procurement cost of paddy i. e.Rs 5 lakh to the farmers which is due for 31st march. We will retain the paddy stock till September/ October, and we would not buy any fertilizer. The minimum safe estimated market price of 100 tons of paddy stock would be Rs 6 lakh. Immediate cost in this alternative will be to insure the paddy stock for the coming year, which would cost us Rs 20,000. This amount can be easily negotiated with the bank, as Manager of the bank was happy with the operations of the Co-operative. Expenditure in Rupees| Cost of procured paddy = 5,00,000| Insurance cost = 20,000|Interest payable to bank = 29,167+ 26,000| Total expenditure = 5,76,000| Minimum expected market price of 100 tons of paddy in September/ October is Rs 6, 00,000. Net Result is a profit of Rs 24,833 In this alternative we are able to meet the first criteria, i. e. the repayment to the farmers. We can meet the second criterion that is to provide maximum benefit to the farmers, by providing the fertilizers at a cheaper price. The market price of fertilizer in September/ October will be Rs 300 per bag, and the society’s annual requirement is 2,000 bags, we can ubsidize each bag of fertilizer by Rs 10, which will cost the society Rs 20,000 that can met from the profit made, and remaining Rs 4,833 can be carried for next year in society’s cash account. An important point to be noted is we are considering the minimum market price observed at that time of the year, if the market price per ton of paddy is Rs 7,500 which has a probability of 25% the society would make huge profits, this profit can be utilized to provide more benefits to the farmer members.Some amount can be saved for future operations of the cooperative. I V. Sell paddy stock now, and purchase fertilizer now: In this alternative the cash reserve of Rs 5 lakh will be used to repay the procurement cost of paddy i. e. Rs 5 lakh to the farmers which is due for 31st march. Sell the paddy stock at current market price hence the current cash balance is Rs 5, 00,000 after selling paddy stock. The expenditure incurred to buy the fertilizer is Expenditure in Rupees| Cost to buy 2000 bags of fertilizers = 5,00,000| Insurance cost = 20,000|Labour and equipment cost = 25,000| Interest payable to bank = 29,167+26,000| Total expenditure = 6,00,167| The market price of fertilizer bag in September/ October is Rs 300, so the total revenue could be Rs 6 lakh, but during this period of six months there are losses of 5% in the total stock. The total revenue considering the losses is Rs 5, 70,000. Net result is a loss of Rs 30,167 In this alternative we are able to meet the first criteria, but failing to meet the rest all criteria. C) Decision: The 3rd alt ernative i. e. o retain paddy stock and not to buy fertilizer meets all the criteria, this alternative earns profit while the rest alternatives are making losses. Hence the 3rd alternative should be the decision of Mr. Agarwal. 3) Implementation: The 3rd alternative fulfills the objective of society with which it was formed that the larger intrest of the stakeholders should be served. This way society is able to pay the farmers the value to its produce as well as build corpus of the society without any significant risk involved. As discussed in the 3rd alternative Mr. Agarwal will retain the paddy stock till September/October

Free Essays on A Tale Of Two Murders

A tale of two murders: Comparing the "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Tell-Tale Heart.† Edgar Allan Poe has often been considered the father of the psychological thriller. Two of his best examples are "The Tell-Tale Heart" and "The Cask of Amontillado." Both are excellent short stories that tell of murder, revenge, and madness. The narrators of "The Tell-Tale Heart" and the "The Cask of Amontillado" are trying to convince the reader of their sanity but have only become victims of the madness, which they had hoped to escape. By analyzing the differences and the similarities of "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Tell-Tale Heart," one can see that Poe uses a certain approach in creating these two works. Poe has been the center of many critical studies; most trying to dissect his mind and get into the heart and meaning of his work, "Criticism now tends to ask, not whether Poe is a great writer, but why" (Buranelli 132). Poe's characters in both "The Tell-Tale Heart" and "The Cask of Amontillado" confess of murder. Not only do they both commit murder, but they also escape external punishment and suffer endless internal turmoil. Therefore, "The punishment comes not from a church, a law, or even from society: it comes from some inner compulsion of the evil-doer himself who suffers...Thus he has willed his crime and he wills his retribution" (Davidson 189). Both characters take the lives of the men in the stories with little regard, "These characters are themselves god-players" (Davidson 189). In "The Tell-Tale Heart" the narrator confesses to the unsuspected police to receive his punishment, " in this respect the god easily passes into the devil and becomes his maker and his slayer both"(Davidson 190). In both stories, the reader becomes quickly aware of the fact that both narrators are not reliable. The narrators feel that they performed the murders so calmly so there is no way they could be mad. In both stories the narrator is continuall... Free Essays on A Tale Of Two Murders Free Essays on A Tale Of Two Murders A tale of two murders: Comparing the "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Tell-Tale Heart.† Edgar Allan Poe has often been considered the father of the psychological thriller. Two of his best examples are "The Tell-Tale Heart" and "The Cask of Amontillado." Both are excellent short stories that tell of murder, revenge, and madness. The narrators of "The Tell-Tale Heart" and the "The Cask of Amontillado" are trying to convince the reader of their sanity but have only become victims of the madness, which they had hoped to escape. By analyzing the differences and the similarities of "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Tell-Tale Heart," one can see that Poe uses a certain approach in creating these two works. Poe has been the center of many critical studies; most trying to dissect his mind and get into the heart and meaning of his work, "Criticism now tends to ask, not whether Poe is a great writer, but why" (Buranelli 132). Poe's characters in both "The Tell-Tale Heart" and "The Cask of Amontillado" confess of murder. Not only do they both commit murder, but they also escape external punishment and suffer endless internal turmoil. Therefore, "The punishment comes not from a church, a law, or even from society: it comes from some inner compulsion of the evil-doer himself who suffers...Thus he has willed his crime and he wills his retribution" (Davidson 189). Both characters take the lives of the men in the stories with little regard, "These characters are themselves god-players" (Davidson 189). In "The Tell-Tale Heart" the narrator confesses to the unsuspected police to receive his punishment, " in this respect the god easily passes into the devil and becomes his maker and his slayer both"(Davidson 190). In both stories, the reader becomes quickly aware of the fact that both narrators are not reliable. The narrators feel that they performed the murders so calmly so there is no way they could be mad. In both stories the narrator is continuall...